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Learn MoreMicroglia Activation State Markers
This interactive graphic lists some of the most commonly used M1 microglia markers including iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, B7-2/CD86, and MHC class II molecules. Clicking on a marker will take you to the R&D Systems product selection for researching that molecule. Clicking on a molecule that is designated by (novusbio.com) will take you to the Novus Biologicals’ website and their antibody offerings for that protein. Use the buttons below to see markers associated with different activated microglia phenotypes, or view the markers that are used to identify steady-state microglia.
Overview
Microglia, the predominate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are the cellular mediators of neuroinflammation. They exist in a quiescent state in healthy CNS tissue and become activated following an insult or infection. Reactive microglia can acquire different phenotypes depending on the activating stimulus encountered. M1 microglia are the “classically” activated microglia that initiate a proinflammatory response. Microglia polarize to the M1 phenotype upon exposure to proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, and cellular and bacterial debris. These cells, in turn, produce additional pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, redox molecules, and antigen-presenting molecules in order to eliminate the foreign pathogen and facilitate an adaptive immune response.
