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Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Microglia Activation

Click on one of the other stages of microglia activation to see the molecules involved in that process. Click on Overview to see the generalized process of microglia activation during neuroinflammation.

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Microglia Activation by ECM-Derived DAMPs

ECM-Derived DAMPs

MD-2

TLR4

CD14

TLR4 Complex

Microglia

Microglia Activation by Neural Injury-Derived DAMPs

Glutamate

AMPA R

mGluR1/5

ATP

P2X R

UTP/UDP

P2Y R

Adenosine

Adenosine R

HSP60

TLR4

MD-2

CD14

TLR4 Complex

HMGB1/HMG-1

Mac-1
(CD11b/CD18)

RAGE

TLR2/TLR1 or 6

CD14

CD36/
SR-B3

TLR2 Complex

sCX3CL1/
Fractalkine

CX3CR1

Microglia

Microglia Activation by Neurodegenerative Disease-Related DAMPs

Neuromelanin

mSOD1

alpha-
Synuclein

TLR4

MD-2

CD14

TLR4
Complex

Mac-1
(CD11b/CD18)

Amyloid beta

RAGE

alpha-Synuclein

mSOD1

TLR2/TLR1 or 6

CD14

CD36/
SR-B3

TLR2
Complex

Chromogranin A

Amyloid beta

SR-AI/
MSR

SR-BI

CD36/
SR-B3

TLR4/
TLR6

CD36/
SR-B3

Amyloid beta

MARCO

FPRL1/
FPR2

fAb R Complex

CD36/
SR-B3

CD47

Integrin
alpha 6 beta 1

CD14

TLR4/
TLR2

alpha-Synuclein

Fc gamma R

PrP^SC

CD40

Microglia

Microglia function as the brain’s immune defense. In the normal, healthy central nervous system, microglia are typically in a quiescent state, as characterized by a ramified morphology. Upon infection or insult, microglia are rapidly activated. They transform from their ramified morphology to an amoeboid shape, which allows the cells to be mobile and phagocytic. They also change the expression of various enzymes and cell surface proteins, and begin to secrete immune response molecules.

Though not fully understood, it is believed that microglia activation is initiated through both removal of the inhibitory neuronal signaling and activation of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RAGE, by exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The list of stimuli that activate microglia is extensive and includes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pesticides, disease-specific proteins, such as Amyloid beta and alpha-Synuclein, and molecules produced from neural injury, including extracellular matrix substrates, nucleotides, and glutamate.

To learn more about our products for neuroinflammation, please visit our Neuroinflammation Research Area.

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