Recombinant Human GDF-15 (CHO-expressed) Protein Summary
Product Specifications
Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Catalog # 957-GD) binds to Recombinant Human GFR alpha -like Fc Chimera (Catalog # 9697-GR) with an ED50 of 0.0600-0.600 ng/mL.
Ala197-Ile308, with an N-terminal 6-His tag
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
957-GD
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCI containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
957-GD/CF
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 100-300 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCI. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
Scientific Data
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In a functional ELISA, Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Catalog # 957-GD) binds to Recombinant Human GFR alpha -like Fc Chimera (9697-GR) with an ED50 of 0.0600-0.600 ng/mL.
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Recombinant Human GDF-15 (Catalog # 957-GD) activates SRE-SEAP reporter in HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells transfected with human c-Ret and human GFRAL.
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: GDF-15
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), placental transforming growth factor-beta, prostate-derived factor, and placental bone morphogenetic protein, is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta ) superfamily. GDF-15 is highly expressed in placenta and is expressed at lower levels in kidney, pancreas, prostate and colon. It is also widely expressed in brain. Similarly to other TGF-beta family proteins, GDF-15 is synthesized as a large precursor protein that is cleaved at the dibasic cleavage site (RXXR) to release the carboxy-terminal domain. The carboxy-terminal domain of GDF-15 contains the characteristic seven conserved cysteine residues necessary for the formation of the cysteine knot and the single interchain disulfide bond. Furthermore, the carboxy-terminal domain contains two additional cysteine residues that form a fourth intrachain disulfide bond. Biologically active GDF-15 is a disulfide-linked homodimer of the carboxy-terminal 112 amino acid residues. Mature human GDF-15 shares 66.1% and 68.7% amino acid sequence similarity with rat and mouse GDF-15, respectively, which are remarkably low homologies between species in TGF-beta superfamily. GDF-15 has been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ) from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, induction of cartilage formation, early‑stage endochonadal bone formation, and promotion of neuronal survival.
- Bootcov, M.R. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:11514.
- Böttner, M. et al. (1999) Gene 237:105.
- Fairlie, W.D. et al. (1998) J. Leukoc. Biol 65:2.
- Fairlie, W.D. et al. (2001) J B.C 20:16911.
- Bauskin, A.R. et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19:2212.
- Strelau, J. et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20:8597.
- Schober, A. et al. (2001) J. Comp. Neurol. 439:32.
Citations for Recombinant Human GDF-15 (CHO-expressed) Protein
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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A PTER-dependent pathway of taurine metabolism linked to energy balance
Authors: Wei, W;Lyu, X;Markhard, AL;Fu, S;Mardjuki, RE;Cavanagh, PE;Zeng, X;Rajniak, J;Lu, N;Xiao, S;Zhao, M;Moya-Garzon, MD;Truong, SD;Chou, JC;Wat, LW;Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty, S;Coassolo, L;Xu, D;Shen, F;Huang, W;Ramirez, CB;Jang, C;Svensson, KJ;Fischbach, MA;Long, JZ;
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
Species: Mouse
Sample Types:
Applications: In vivo assay -
Lac-Phe mediates the anti-obesity effect of metformin
Authors: Xiao, S;Li, VL;Lyu, X;Chen, X;Wei, W;Abbasi, F;Knowles, JW;Deng, S;Tiwari, G;Shi, X;Zheng, S;Farrell, L;Chen, ZZ;Taylor, KD;Guo, X;Goodarzi, MO;Wood, AC;Chen, YI;Lange, LA;Rich, SS;Rotter, JI;Clish, CB;Tahir, UA;Gerszten, RE;Benson, MD;Long, JZ;
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo -
Identification of GDF15 peptide fragments inhibiting GFRAL receptor signaling
Authors: Alexopoulou, F;Buch-Månson, N;Pedersen, SL;Vrang, N;Fink, LN;Strømgaard, K;
Peptides
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Extending the dynamic range of biomarker quantification through molecular equalization
Authors: Newman, S;Wilson, B;Mamerow, D;Wollant, B;Nyein, H;Rosenberg-Hasson, Y;Maecker, H;Eisenstein, M;Soh, H;
bioRxiv
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: Bioassay -
A brainstem circuit for nausea suppression
Authors: C Zhang, LK Vincelette, F Reimann, SD Liberles
Cell Reports, 2022-06-14;39(11):110953.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo -
Circulating levels of GDF15 in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: A Melvin, E Lacerda, HM Dockrell, S O'Rahilly, L Nacul
J Transl Med, 2019-12-04;17(1):409.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: ELISA Standard -
Development of a novel and rapid measurement system for growth differentiation factor-15, progranulin, and osteopontin in uterine sarcoma
Authors: M Maeno, T Mizutani, H Tsuyoshi, S Yamada, S Ishikane, S Kawabe, K Nishimura, M Yamada, K Miyamoto, Y Yoshida
Endocr. J., 2019-09-18;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: Standard -
Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Invasion by Ras Suppressor-1 (RSU-1) Silencing Is Reversed by Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15)
Authors: V Gkretsi, M Louca, A Stylianou, G Minadakis, GM Spyrou, T Stylianopo
Int J Mol Sci, 2019-01-04;20(1):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Reduced oxidative capacity in macrophages results in systemic insulin resistance
Authors: SB Jung, MJ Choi, D Ryu, HS Yi, SE Lee, JY Chang, HK Chung, YK Kim, SG Kang, JH Lee, KS Kim, HJ Kim, CS Kim, CH Lee, RW Williams, H Kim, HK Lee, J Auwerx, M Shong
Nat Commun, 2018-04-19;9(1):1551.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo -
TGF-? contamination of purified recombinant GDF15
Authors: OE Olsen, A Skjærvik, BF Størdal, A Sundan, T Holien
PLoS ONE, 2017-11-21;12(11):e0187349.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
An autocrine/paracrine circuit of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15 has a role for maintenance of breast cancer stem-like cells
Authors: A Sasahara, K Tominaga, T Nishimura, M Yano, E Kiyokawa, M Noguchi, M Noguchi, H Kanauchi, T Ogawa, H Minato, K Tada, Y Seto, A Tojo, N Gotoh
Oncotarget, 2017-04-11;8(15):24869-24881.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
GDF15 contributes to radioresistance and cancer stemness of head and neck cancer by regulating cellular reactive oxygen species via a SMAD-associated signaling pathway
Authors: YL Li, JT Chang, LY Lee, KH Fan, YC Lu, YC Li, CH Chiang, GR You, HY Chen, AJ Cheng
Oncotarget, 2017-01-03;8(1):1508-1528.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Growth Differentiation Factor-15-Induced Contractile Activity and Extracellular Matrix Production in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, 2016-12-01;57(15):6482-6495.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
GDF15/MIC1 and MMP9 Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels in Parkinson's Disease and Lewy Body Dementia.
Authors: Walter Maetzler, Willy Deleersni, Valérie Hanssens, Alice Bernard, Kathrin Brockmann, Justus Marquetan, Isabel Wurster, Tim W Rattay, Lorenzo Roncoroni, Eva Schaeffer, Stefanie Lerche, Anja Apel, Christian Deuschle, Daniela Berg
PLoS ONE, 2016-03-03;0(0):1932-6203.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Beads
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Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 biomarker serum immunoassay in combination with PSA is a more specific diagnostic tool for detection of prostate cancer.
Authors: Li, Ji, Veltri, Robert W, Yuan, Zhen, Christudass, Christhu, Mandecki, Wlodek
PLoS ONE, 2015-04-08;10(4):e0122249.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: ELISA (Standard) -
Growth differentiation factor-15 suppresses maturation and function of dendritic cells and inhibits tumor-specific immune response.
Authors: Zhou Z, Li W, Song Y, Wang L, Zhang K, Yang J, Zhang W, Su H, Zhang Y
PLoS ONE, 2013-11-13;8(11):e78618.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Marked improvement of cytotoxic effects induced by docetaxel on highly metastatic and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by downregulating macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1.
Authors: Mimeault, M, Johansson, S L, Batra, S K
Br J Cancer, 2013-02-28;108(5):1079-91.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
GDF-15 prevents platelet integrin activation and thrombus formation.
Authors: Rossaint J, Vestweber D, Zarbock A
J Thromb Haemost, 2013-02-01;11(2):335-44.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: Bioassay -
Soluble Endoglin Specifically Binds Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 9 and 10 via Its Orphan Domain, Inhibits Blood Vessel Formation, and Suppresses Tumor Growth.
Authors: Castonguay R, Werner ED, Matthews RG, Presman E, Mulivor AW, Solban N, Sako D, Pearsall RS, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV
J. Biol. Chem., 2011-07-07;286(34):30034-46.
Species: Human, Mouse
Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
Applications: Surface Plasmon Resonance -
Growth differentiation factor 15 is induced by hepatitis C virus infection and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma-related genes.
Authors: Si Y, Liu X, Cheng M, Wang M, Gong Q, Yang Y, Wang T, Yang W
PLoS ONE, 2011-05-23;6(5):e19967.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Wild-type p53 attenuates cancer cell motility by inducing growth differentiation factor-15 expression.
Authors: Cheng JC, Chang HM, Leung PC
Endocrinology, 2011-05-17;152(8):2987-95.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Deficiency of liver sinusoidal scavenger receptors stabilin-1 and -2 in mice causes glomerulofibrotic nephropathy via impaired hepatic clearance of noxious blood factors.
Authors: Schledzewski K, Geraud C, Arnold B, Wang S, Grone HJ, Kempf T, Wollert KC, Straub BK, Schirmacher P, Demory A, Schonhaber H, Gratchev A, Dietz L, Thierse HJ, Kzhyshkowska J, Goerdt S
J. Clin. Invest., 2011-02-01;121(2):703-14.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo, Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay, In Vivo -
Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 regulates melanoma vascular development.
Authors: Huh SJ, Chung CY, Sharma A
Am. J. Pathol., 2010-04-29;176(6):2948-57.
Species: Chicken, Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo -
Progressive postnatal motoneuron loss in mice lacking GDF-15.
Authors: Strelau J, Strzelczyk A, Rusu P, Bendner G, Wiese S, Diella F, Altick AL, von Bartheld CS, Klein R, Sendtner M, Unsicker K
J. Neurosci., 2009-10-28;29(43):13640-8.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo, Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay, In Vivo -
Growth differentiation factor-15 predicts mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Authors: Foley PW, Stegemann B, Ng K, Ramachandran S, Proudler A, Frenneaux MP, Ng LL, Leyva F
Eur. Heart J., 2009-08-07;30(22):2749-57.
Applications: ELISA (Standard) -
Growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: Khan SQ, Ng K, Dhillon O, Kelly D, Quinn P, Squire IB, Davies JE, Ng LL
Eur. Heart J., 2009-01-23;30(9):1057-65.
Applications: ELISA (Standard) -
Identification of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in adipose tissue and its secretion as an adipokine by human adipocytes.
Authors: Ding Q, Mracek T, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Kos K, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C
Endocrinology, 2008-12-12;150(4):1688-96.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
High levels of GDF15 in thalassemia suppress expression of the iron regulatory protein hepcidin.
Authors: Tanno T, Bhanu NV, Oneal PA, Goh SH, Staker P, Lee YT, Moroney JW, Reed CH, Luban NL, Wang RH, Eling TE, Childs R, Ganz T, Leitman SF, Fucharoen S, Miller JL
Nat. Med., 2007-08-26;13(9):1096-101.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Prognostic value of growth-differentiation factor-15 in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome.
Authors: Wollert KC, Kempf T, Peter T, Olofsson S, James S, Johnston N, Lindahl B, Horn-Wichmann R, Brabant G, Simoons ML, Armstrong PW, Califf RM, Drexler H, Wallentin L
Circulation, 2007-02-05;115(8):962-71.
Applications: ELISA (Standard)
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Average Rating: 4.8 (Based on 5 Reviews)
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Reason for Rating: working good compare with vehicle
Used for cell culture
Reason for Rating: Works good for cell culture invitro.
GDF-15 induced cytoskeletal organization gene expression in human TM cells. Red colour is a-sma after GDF-15 24h treatment.
GDF-15 (10 ng/mL) solved in 4 mM HCI containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin.
Reason for Rating: I used two lots of GDF15 that were mostly used here were later tested for TGF-beta content by R&D Systems.
Cells were treated, washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and detect by WB assay.
