Recombinant Human Twisted Gastrulation (TSG) Protein, CF Summary
Product Specifications
The ED50 for this effect is 4-16 μg/mL in the presence of 100 ng/mL of Recombinant Human BMP-6 (Catalog # 507-BP).
Met1-Phe223
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
6684-TG
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 500 μg/mL in PBS. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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Reconstitution Calculator
Background: TSG
Twisted Gastrulation-1 (TSG or TWSG1) is a cysteine-rich 24 kDa secreted glycoprotein that regulates BMP signaling (1, 2). It was initially identified for its role in dorsal/ventral patterning in Drosophila and Xenopus (1). Human TSG cDNA encodes 223 amino acids (aa) including a 25 aa signal peptide and a 198 aa mature protein with a cysteine-rich region (aa 26 ‑ 77) that interacts with BMPs and a C-terminal binding site for chordin (1, 3). An alternate start site at aa 76 can create a 148 aa isoform that lacks the BMP binding region (4). Human TSG shares 98% aa identity with mouse and rat TSG, and 99.5% aa identity with canine, equine, bovine and porcine TSG. TSG can act as either an antagonist or an agonist for BMP signaling (1 ‑ 11). As an antagonist, the N-terminal domain of TSG can bind and inhibit BMP proteins directly, interfering with BMP receptor binding and activity (1, 5). Formation of a complex of TSG with chordin further enhances BMP inhibition (1, 5). As a BMP agonist, TSG promotes TLL-1 metalloproteinase cleavage of chordin to fragments that no longer inhibit BMP activity (3, 6). TSG effects on chordin are influenced by its concentration (2). TSG is widely expressed in the mouse embryo, and is co‑expressed with chordin and BMPs 2, 4 and 7 in the developing limbs (1). Mice lacking TSG show varying degrees of abnormality in bone, cartilage, forebrain, thymus and spleen, in part dependent on the mouse background (2, 6 ‑ 9). In bone, TSG participates with crossveinless-2 (CV-2) to create BMP activity gradients and limit osteoclast differentiation (7, 8). Postnatally, TSG is strongly expressed in growth plate cartilage where it limits collagen expression and enhances osteoblast differentiation and endochondral ossification (2, 5). TSG also modulates BMP and TGF-beta signaling in thymocytes, T cells and early erythrocytes (10 ‑ 12).
- Scott, I.C. et al. (2001) Nature 410:475.
- Gazzerro, E. et al. (2006) Bone 39:1252.
- Oelgeschlager, M. et al. (2003) Development 130:4047.
- SwissProt Accession # Q9GZX9.
- Schmidl, M. et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281:31790.
- Zakin, L. and E.M. De Robertis (2004) Development 131:413.
- Sotillo Rodriguez, J.E. (2009) J. Bone Miner. Res. 24:1917.
- Zakin, L. et al. (2008) Dev. Biol. 323:6.
- Nosaka, T. et al. (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:2969.
- Graf, D. et al. (2002) J. Exp. Med. 196:163.
- Tzachanis, D. et al. (2007) Blood 109:2944.
- Tanno, T. et al. (2009) Blood 114:181.
Citations for Recombinant Human Twisted Gastrulation (TSG) Protein, CF
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Extracellular bone morphogenetic protein modulator BMPER and twisted gastrulation homolog 1 preserve arterial-venous specification in zebrafish blood vessel development and regulate Notch signaling in endothelial cells
Authors: JS Esser, RE Steiner, M Deckler, H Schmitt, B Engert, S Link, A Charlet, C Patterson, C Bode, Q Zhou, M Moser
FEBS J., 2018-03-09;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 suppresses growth of myeloma cells by signaling through ALK2 but is inhibited by endoglin.
Authors: Olsen O, Wader K, Misund K, Vatsveen T, Ro T, Mylin A, Turesson I, Stordal B, Moen S, Standal T, Waage A, Sundan A, Holien T
Blood Cancer J, 2014-03-21;4(0):e196.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Twisted gastrulation, a BMP antagonist, exacerbates podocyte injury.
Authors: Yamada, Sachiko, Nakamura, Jin, Asada, Misako, Takase, Masayuki, Matsusaka, Taiji, Iguchi, Taku, Yamada, Ryo, Tanaka, Mari, Higashi, Atsuko Y, Okuda, Tomohiko, Asada, Nariaki, Fukatsu, Atsushi, Kawachi, Hiroshi, Graf, Daniel, Muso, Eri, Kita, Toru, Kimura, Takeshi, Pastan, Ira, Economides, Aris N, Yanagita, Motoko
PLoS ONE, 2014-02-25;9(2):e89135.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay
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