Recombinant Human GDF-15, Animal-Free Protein Summary
Product Specifications
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
Qk017
| Formulation | Lyophilized from acetonitrile/TFA |
| Reconstitution | Resuspend in 10 mM HCl at >100 µg/ml, prepare single use aliquots, add carrier protein if desired |
| Shipping | The product is shipped lyophilized at ambient temperture, on ice blocks or dry ice. Shipping at ambient temperture does not affect the bioactivity or stability of the protein. Upon reciept, store immediately at the conditions stated below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Store lyophilized protein between -20 and -80 °C until the date of expiry. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles. |
Scientific Data
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GDF15 signals through GRAL and co-receptor RET leading to RET phosphorylation and signaling through the ERK and AKT pathway (reviewed in Emmerson et al., 2018). Bioactivity is determined using a luciferase reporter assay in HEK293T cells. Cells are treated (in triplicate) with a serial dilution of GDF15 or Qk010 TGF beta 1 for 6 hours. Firefly luciferase activity is measured and normalized to the control Renilla luciferase activity.
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GDF15 migrates as a single band at 24 kDa in non-reducing (NR) and 13 kDa as a single monomeric species upon reduction (R). No contaminating protein bands are visible.Purified recombinant protein (7 µg) was resolved using 15% w/v SDS-PAGE in reduced (+ beta -mercaptothanol, R) and non-reduced conditions (NR) and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250.
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: GDF-15
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 (MIC-1), Placental Transforming Growth Factor beta, Prostate-derived Factor, and Placental Bone Morphogenetic Protein, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily (1, 2). Human GDF-15 shares 66% and 68% amino acid sequence identity with the rat and mouse proteins, respectively (3). GDF-15 is highly expressed in placenta and brain, and it is expressed at lower levels in kidney, pancreas, prostate, and colon. Similar to other TGF-beta family proteins, the GDF-15 proprotein is cleaved at a dibasic cleavage site (RxxR) to release the mature protein (4). The C-terminal domain of GDF-15 contains seven characteristic conserved cysteine residues necessary for the formation of the cysteine knot and the single interchain disulfide bond (5). Biologically active GDF-15 is a disulfide-linked homodimer of the mature protein and signals through the heterodimeric receptor composed of TGF-beta RI/ALK-5 and TGF-beta RII (6). GDF-15 has been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of TNF-alpha production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and the induction of cartilage formation (1, 5). GDF-15 also promotes neuronal survival, and hypothalamic expression of GDF-15 causes appetite suppression via modulation of Neuropeptide Y and Pro-opiomelanocortin levels (7-9). GDF-15 is cardioprotective via inhibition of platelet activation, limiting atherosclerosis, inhibiting CXCL1-induced neutrophil adhesion, regulating angiogenesis, and inhibiting norepinephrine-induced mycardial hypertrophy (6, 10-15).
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- Unsicker, K. et al. (2013) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 24:373.
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- Artz, A. et al. (2016) Blood 128:529.
- Johnen, H. et al. (2007) Nat. Med. 13:1333.
- Strelau, J. et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20:8597.
- Strelau, J. et al. (2009) J. Neurosci. 29:13640.
- Whitson, R.J. et al. (2013) J. Cell. Biochem. 114:1424.
- Rossaint, J. et al. (2013) J. Thromb. Haemost. 11:335.
- Song, H. et al. (2012) Mol. Biol. Rep. 39:4017.
- Preusch, M.R. et al. (2013) Eur. J. Med. Res. 18:19.
- Kempf, T. et al. (2011) Nat. Med. 17:581.
- Xu, X.-Y. et al. (2014) J. Biol. Chem. 289:10084.
Product Specific Notices
The above product was manufactured, tested and released by R&D System's contract manufacturer, Qkine Ltd, at 1 Murdoch House, Cambridge, UK, CB5 8HW. The product is for research use only and not for the diagnostic or theraputic use.FAQs
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