Human PlGF-4 Antibody Summary
Leu19-Arg242
Accession # P49763-4
Applications
Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.
Scientific Data
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PlGF-4 in Human placenta. PlGF-4 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human placenta using Mouse Anti-Human PlGF-4 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB26441) at 5 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Mouse IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (VC001). Before incubation with the primary antibody, tissue was subjected to heat-induced epitope retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (CTS013). Tissue was stained using DAB (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to Syncytiotrophoblast. Staining was performed using our protocol for IHC Staining with VisUCyte HRP Polymer Detection Reagents.
Reconstitution Calculator
Preparation and Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Background: PlGF-4
Placenta growth factor (PlGF or PGF) is an approximately 55-60 kDa member of the PDGF/VEGF family of secreted growth factors that share a conserved pattern of eight cysteines (1). Alternative splicing generates multiple human PlGF isoforms containing 131 (PlGF‑1), 152 (PlGF‑2), 203 (PlGF‑3), or 224 (PlGF-4) amino acids (aa) (2, 3). Mature human PlGF shares 66% and 63% aa sequence identity with comparable regions of mouse and rat PlGF, respectively. PlGF is expressed as a variably glycosylated disulfide linked homodimer by villous trophoblasts and decidual cells, with smaller amounts in erythroblasts, keratinocytes and some endothelial cells
(3-6). Circulating PlGF increases during pregnancy, reaching a peak in mid‑gestation; this increase is attenuated in preeclampsia (7). Postnatally, mice lacking PlGF show impaired angiogenesis in response to ischemia (8). PlGF binds and signals through VEGF R1/Flt‑1 and Neuropilins (some isoforms), but not VEGF R2/Flk‑1/KDR (8-10). In contrast, VEGF binds both VEGF R1 and R2, but signals mainly through the angiogenic receptor, VEGF R2. PlGF and VEGF therefore compete for binding to VEGF R1, resulting in a PlGF inhibition of VEGF/VEGF R1 binding coupled to a subsequent promotion of VEGF/VEGF R2‑mediated angiogenesis (8, 9). However, PlGF (especially PlGF‑1) and some forms of VEGF can form heterodimers that alter the angiogenic effect of VEGF on VEGF R2 (4, 9). PlGF induces monocyte activation, migration, and production of inflammatory cytokines and VEGF (1). These activities facilitate wound and bone fracture healing and also contribute to inflammation in active sickle cell disease and atherosclerosis (1, 5, 6, 8, 11-13).
- Dewerchin, M. and P. Carmeliet (2012) Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2:a011056.
- Cao, Y. et al. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253:493.
- Yang, W. et al. (2003) J. Reprod. Immunol. 60:53.
- Eriksson, A. et al. (2002) Cancer Cell 1:99.
- Oura, H. et al. (2003) Blood 101:560.
- Roncal, C. et al. (2010) Cardiovasc. Res. 86:29.
- Levine, R.J. et al. (2004) N. Engl. J. Med. 350:672.
- Carmeliet, P. et al. (2001) Nat. Med. 7:575.
- Autiero, M. et al. (2003) Nat. Med. 9:936.
- Migdal, M. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:22272.
- Perelman, N. et al. (2003) Blood 102:1506.
- Cianfarani, F. et al. (2006) Am. J. Pathol. 169:1167.
- Maes, C. et al. (2006) J. Clin. Invest. 116:1230.
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