SODD - Silencer of Death Domains

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily contains several members with homologous cytoplasmic domains known as death domains (DD). The intracellular DD are important in initiating apoptosis and other signaling pathways following ligand binding by the receptors.1 In the absence of ligand, DD-containing receptors are maintained in an inactive state.

TNF RI contains a cytoplasmic DD required for signaling pathways associated with apoptosis and NF-kappa B activation.2,3 Jiang et al.4 identified a widely expressed 60 kDa protein, named SODD (silencer of death domains), associated with the DD of TNF RI and DR3. Over-expression of SODD suppresses TNF-induced cell death and NF-kappa B activation demonstrating its role as a negative regulatory protein for these signaling pathways.

TNF-induced receptor trimerization aggregates the DD of TNF RI and recruits the adapter protein TRADD.3,5 This in turn promotes the recruitment of the DD-containing cytoplasmic proteins FADD, TRAF2, and RIP to form an active TNF RI signaling complex (Figure 1A).6-9 In contrast, SODD acts as a silencer of TNF RI signaling and does not interact with TRADD, FADD, or RIP (Figure 1B).4 It is associated with the DD of TNF RI and maintains TNF RI in an inactive, monomeric state. TNF-induced aggregation of TNF RI promotes the disruption of the SODD-TNF RI complex.

Figure 1. TNF RI initiated apoptosis and activation of NF-kappa B (A) and SODD silencing of TNF RI signaling (B).

SODD does not interact with the DD of other TNF receptor superfamily members such as Fas, DR4, DR5, or TNF RII. SODD association with TNF RI may represent a general model for the prevention of spontaneous TNF signaling by other DD-containing receptors.

References

  1. Ashkenazi, A. and V.M. Dixit. (1998) Science 281:1305.
  2. Tartaglia, L.A. et al. (1993) Cell 74:845.
  3. Hsu, H. et al. (1995) Cell 81:495.
  4. Jiang, Y. et al. (1999) Science 283:543.
  5. Banner, D.W. et al. (1993) Cell 73:431.
  6. Hsu, H. et al. (1996) Cell 84:299.
  7. Yeh, W.C. et al. (1998) Science 279:1954.
  8. Hsu, H. et al. (1996) Immunity 4:387.
  9. Kelliher, M.A. et al. (1998) Immunity 8:297.