Recombinant Rat GM-CSF Protein Summary
Product Specifications
Ala1-Lys127, with and without an N-terminal Met
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
518-GM
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with BSA as a carrier protein. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 50 μg/mL in sterile PBS containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
518-GM/CF
| Formulation | Supplied as a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped with dry ice or equivalent. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: GM-CSF
GM-CSF was initially characterized as a factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte, and eosinophil progenitors. GM-CSF is produced by a number of different cell types (including T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes) in response to cytokine or inflammatory stimuli. On mature hematopoietic cells, GM-CSF is a survival factor for and activates the effector functions of granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and eosinophils (1, 2). GM-CSF promotes a Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity (3 - 5). It shows clinical effectiveness in ameliorating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and GM-CSF transfected tumor cells are utilized as cancer vaccines (6, 7). The 22 kDa glycosylated GM-CSF, similar to IL‑3 and IL‑5, is a cytokine with a core of four bundled alpha ‑helices (8 - 10). Mature rat GM-CSF shares 56% ‑ 69% amino acid sequence identity with canine, feline, human, mouse, and porcine GM‑CSF. GM‑CSF exerts its biological effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of GM‑CSF R alpha /CD116 and the signal transducing common beta chain (CD131) which is also a component of the high-affinity receptors for IL-3 and IL-5 (11, 12). In addition, GM-CSF binds a naturally occurring soluble form of GM‑CSF R alpha (13). Rat GM‑CSF is active on mouse cells, although mouse GM‑CSF is only weakly active on rat cells (14, 15).
- Martinez-Moczygemba, M. and D.P. Huston (2003) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112:653.
- Barreda, D.R. et al. (2004) Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28:509.
- Eksioglu, E.A. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35:1163.
- Cao, Y. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117:2362.
- Fleetwood, A.J. et al. (2005) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 25:405.
- Heuser, M. et al. (2007) Semin. Hematol. 44:148.
- Hege, K.M. et al. (2006) Int. Rev. Immunol. 25:321.
- Kaushansky, K. et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31:1881.
- Diederichs, K. et al. (1991) Science 254:1779.
- Smith, L.R. et al. (1994) Immunogenetics 39:80.
- Onetto-Pothier, N. et al. (1990) Blood 75:59.
- Hayashida, K. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:9655.
- Pelley, J.L. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35:1483.
- Oaks, M.K. et al. (1995) J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 15:1095.
- Vandenabeele, P. et al. (1990) Lymphokine Res. 9:381.
Citations for Recombinant Rat GM-CSF Protein
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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Increased regulatory activity of intestinal innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis severity
Authors: Lazarevi?, M;Stegnjai?, G;Jevti?, B;Despotovi?, S;Ignjatovi?, ?;Stanisavljevi?, S;Nikolovski, N;Mom?ilovi?, M;Fraser, GL;Dimitrijevi?, M;Miljkovi?, ?;
Journal of neuroinflammation
Species: N/A
Sample Types: N/A
Applications: ELISA Standard -
Astrocytes Stimulate Microglial Proliferation and M2 Polarization In Vitro through Crosstalk between Astrocytes and Microglia
Authors: S Kim, Y Son
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021-08-16;22(16):.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Rat Cytomegalovirus Virion-Associated Proteins R131 and R129 Are Necessary for Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Authors: IKA Jones, NN Haese, P Gatault, ZJ Streblow, TF Andoh, M Denton, CE Streblow, K Bonin, CN Kreklywich, JM Burg, SL Orloff, DN Streblow
Pathogens, 2020-11-19;9(11):.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
A neuropeptide, Substance-P, directly induces tissue-repairing M2 like macrophages by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway even in the presence of IFN?
Authors: JE Lim, E Chung, Y Son
Sci Rep, 2017-08-25;7(1):9417.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
A Crucial Role of CXCL14 for Promoting Regulatory T Cells Activation in Stroke
Authors: HT Lee, SP Liu, CH Lin, SW Lee, CY Hsu, HK Sytwu, CH Hsieh, WC Shyu
Theranostics, 2017-02-08;7(4):855-875.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: In Vivo, Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay, In Vivo -
Ceruloplasmin potentiates nitric oxide synthase activity and cytokine secretion in activated microglia.
Authors: Lazzaro M, Bettegazzi B, Barbariga M, Codazzi F, Zacchetti D, Alessio M
J Neuroinflammation, 2014-09-16;11(0):164.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Optic nerve inflammation and demyelination in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Authors: Slater, Bernard, Vilson, Fernandi, Guo, Yan, Weinreich, Daniel, Hwang, Shelly, Bernstein, Steven L
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013-12-05;54(13):7952-61.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo -
EP2 receptor signaling pathways regulate classical activation of microglia.
Authors: Quan Y, Jiang J, Dingledine R
J Biol Chem, 2013-02-12;288(13):9293-302.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Fibroblast growth factor inhibits interferon gamma-STAT1 and interleukin 6-STAT3 signaling in chondrocytes.
Authors: Krejci P, Prochazkova J, Bryja V, Jelinkova P, Pejchalova K, Kozubik A, Thompson LM, Wilcox WR
Cell. Signal., 2008-10-12;21(1):151-60.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
GM-CSF action in the CNS decreases food intake and body weight.
Authors: Reed JA, Clegg DJ, Smith KB, Tolod-Richer EG, Matter EK, Picard LS, Seeley RJ
J. Clin. Invest., 2005-11-01;115(11):3035-44.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo
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