Recombinant Mouse TLR9 Fc Chimera Protein, CF

Recombinant Mouse TLR9 Fc Chimera Protein, CF Summary

Product Specifications

Product Datasheets

Carrier Free

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Background: TLR9

TLR9 (Toll‑like receptor 9), designated CD289, is a member of the TLR family of innate immune receptors that is mainly expressed by colonic epithelium, CD123⁺ plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDC), and splenic transitional B cells (1‑9). TLR9 responds to unmethylated DNA CpG motifs that occur mainly in bacteria and viruses (1, 2). Mouse TLR9 cDNA encodes a 1032 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a 793 aa extracellular domain (ECD) that contains 26 leucine‑rich repeats (LRRs, aa 26‑818), and a 193 aa cytoplasmic domain with a TIR sequence that dimerizes with signaling adaptors such as MyD88 (1). The mouse TLR9 ECD shares 87% aa sequence identity with rat and 71‑74% with human, feline, canine, equine, porcine, bovine and ovine TLR9. Predicted splice forms vary at the N‑terminus by initiating either upstream or downstream of the standard site. The full-length 150 kDa form, which is ligand‑binding but nonsignaling, is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. It undergoes accessory protein-mediated translocation either to the cell membrane or to lysosomes (1‑3). TLR9 is cleaved to remove LRR1‑14, producing an 80 kDa signaling fragment within acidic endolysosomes where it encounters microbial CpG DNA rather than self-DNA (2, 10, 11). However, immune complexes of self‑DNA with lupus erythematosus anti‑DNA antibodies can induce TLR9 activation and IFN‑ alpha production in pDC (4). A soluble form also found in endosomes includes all 26 LRRs and negatively regulates active TLR9 (12). Activation of TLR9 contributes to splenocyte proliferation, pDC maturation, macrophage inflammatory cytokine production, Th1 inflammatory responses, NK cell activation and recruitment, B cell surface MHC class II up‑regulation and immunoglobulin production, and generation and maintenance of memory B cells (1, 5‑9).

Related Research Areas

• B Cell Activation
• IL-1 Family
• Immune Regulatory Molecules on Endothelial Cells
• Neuroinflammation
• NFkB Pathway
• NOD-like Receptors and the Inflammasome
• Pattern Recognition Receptors
• Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
• Toll-Like Receptors