Recombinant Human Lymphotoxin alpha1/beta2 Protein
Recombinant Human Lymphotoxin alpha1/beta2 Protein Summary
Product Specifications
| rhLT alpha (Leu35-Leu205) Accession # P01374 |
GGGGS | rhLT beta (Gln49-Gly244) Accession # Q06643 |
GGGGS | rhLT beta (Gln49-Gly244) Accession # Q06643 |
| N-terminus | C-terminus | |||
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
8884-LY
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with BSA as a carrier protein. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 500 μg/mL in sterile PBS. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
8884-LY/CF
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 500 μg/mL in sterile PBS. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin alpha (LT-alpha ), and Lymphotoxin beta (LT-beta ) are pro-inflammatory TNF superfamily ligands that play important roles in immune system development (1, 2). The 25 kDa mature human LT-alpha is a secreted protein that shares 75% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat LT-alpha (3, 4). The 33 kDa mature human LT-beta is a type II transmembrane protein that shares 73% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat LT-beta within common regions of their extracellular domains (5). Relative to the human protein, mouse and rat LT-beta have a 66 aa or 65 aa insertion within the ECD, respectively. LT-alpha can be secreted as a homotrimer that binds and activates TNF RI/TNFRSF1A, TNF RII/TNFRSF1B, HVEM/TNFRSF14, and Troy/TNFRSF19 (6-8). LT-alpha is required for development of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches (9). It also regulates T cell homing to the gut and IgA induction (10). In addition, LT-alpha can form membrane-associated heterotrimers with two copies of LT-beta on the surface of B, T, LTi, and ILC3 cells (2, 5, 11). The Lymphotoxin alpha 1/ beta 2 heterotrimer binds and activates the Lymphotoxin beta R/TNFRSF3 (LT beta R) which is expressed on macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), follicular dendritic cells (FDC), and high endothelial venules (HEV) (2, 12, 13). LT beta R also serves as a receptor for LIGHT/TNFSF14 (14). LT-alpha 1/ beta 2 promotes the development of FDC networks and HEV in lymphoid tissue, the class switching of immature B cells for IgA production, and the production of homeostatic IL-22 by ILCs (10, 15-17). It can be shed by ADAM17 or MMP-8 mediated cleavage, and the released heterotrimer circulates in the serum and is elevated in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients (18).
- Lu, T.T. and J.L. Browning (2014) Front. Immunol. 5:47.
- Upadhyay, V. and Y.-X. Fu (2014) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 25:227.
- Gray, P.W. et al. (1984) Nature 312:721.
- Nedwin, G.E. et al. (1985) J. Cell Biochem. 29:171.
- Browning, J.L. et al. (1993) Cell 72:847.
- Schoenfeld, H.J. et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:3863.
- Mauri, D.N. et al. (1998) Immunity 8:21.
- Hashimoto, T. et al. (2008) Cell Cycle 7:106.
- De Togni, P. et al. (1994) Science 264:703.
- Kruglov, A.A. et al. (2013) Science 342:1243.
- Androlewicz, M.J. et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:2542.
- Sudhamsu, J. et al. (2013) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110:19896.
- Crowe, P.D. et al. (1994) Science 264:707.
- Eldredge, J. et al. (2006) Biochemistry 45:10117.
- Futterer, A. et al. (1998) Immunity 9:59.
- Koni, P.A. et al. (1997) Immunity 6:491.
- Ota, N. et al. (2011) Nat. Immunol. 12:941.
- Young, J. et al. (2010) Cytokine 51:78.
Citations for Recombinant Human Lymphotoxin alpha1/beta2 Protein
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Citations: Showing 1 - 8
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KDM6B drives epigenetic reprogramming associated with lymphoid stromal cell early commitment and immune properties
Authors: Sylvestre, M;Barbier, N;Sibut, V;Nayar, S;Monvoisin, C;Leonard, S;Saint-Vanne, J;Martin, A;Guirriec, M;Latour, M;Jouan, F;Baulande, S;Bohec, M;Verdière, L;Mechta-Grigoriou, F;Mourcin, F;Bertheuil, N;Barone, F;Tarte, K;Roulois, D;
Science advances
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Regulates Genes Necessary for Intestinal Microfold Cell (M Cell) Development
Authors: JJ George, M Oittinen, L Martin-Dia, V Zapilko, S Iqbal, T Rintakanga, FT Arrojo Mar, H Niskanen, P Katajisto, M Kaikkonen, K Viiri
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2021-05-28;0(0):.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Organoid
Applications: Bioassay -
Clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis limits canonical NF-&kappaB signaling triggered by lymphotoxin &beta receptor
Authors: M Maksymowic, M Mi?czy?ska, M Banach-Or?
Cell Commun Signal, 2020-11-04;18(1):176.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
TNFSF14 (LIGHT) Exhibits Inflammatory Activities in Lung Fibroblasts Complementary to IL-13 and TGF-β
Authors: R da Silva A, AK Mehta, L Madge, J Tocker, M Croft
Front Immunol, 2018-03-19;9(0):576.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Cell Culture -
Impaired lymph node stromal cell function during the earliest phases of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: JS Hähnlein, R Nadafi, T de Jong, TH Ramwadhdoe, JF Semmelink, KI Maijer, IA Zijlstra, M Maas, DM Gerlag, TBH Geijtenbee, PP Tak, RE Mebius, LGM van Baarse
Arthritis Res. Ther., 2018-02-26;20(1):35.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Development of intestinal M cells and follicle-associated epithelium is regulated by TRAF6-mediated NF-?B signaling
Authors: T Kanaya, S Sakakibara, T Jinnohara, M Hachisuka, N Tachibana, S Hidano, T Kobayashi, S Kimura, T Iwanaga, T Nakagawa, T Katsuno, N Kato, T Akiyama, T Sato, IR Williams, H Ohno
J. Exp. Med., 2018-01-16;0(0):.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Organoid
Applications: Stimulation -
Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpene Lactones Inhibit Nuclear Translocation of the Nuclear Factor ?B Subunit RelB in Response to a Lymphotoxin ? Stimulation
Authors: HT Quach, T Kondo, M Watanabe, R Tamura, Y Yajima, S Sayama, M Ando, T Kataoka
Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2017-01-01;40(10):1669-1677.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Bimodal Expansion of the Lymphatic Vessels Is Regulated by the Sequential Expression of IL-7 and Lymphotoxin ?1?2 in Newly Formed Tertiary Lymphoid Structures
J Immunol, 2016-07-29;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay
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