Prostaglandin E2
Chemical Name: (5Z,11α,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-prosta-5,13-dien-1oic acid
Purity: ≥98%
Biological Activity
Prostaglandin E2 is an endogenous prostaglandin and primary product of arachidonic acid/cyclooxygenase pathway. Prostaglandin E2 binds with high affinity to EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 receptors (Kd values range between ~ 1 - 10 nM). Prostaglandin E2 influences a wide range of processes including inflammation, vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, fertility, gastric mucosal integrity and platelet aggregation. Prostaglandin E2 regulates vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis, acts as viral transduction enhancer and is tumorigenic in some cancers.Technical Data
The technical data provided above is for guidance only.
For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only, unless stated otherwise.
Background References
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Prediction of DNA Repair Inhibitor Response in Short Term Patient-Derived Ovarian Cancer Organoids
SJ Hill, B Decker, EA Roberts, NS Horowitz, MG Muto, MJ Worley, CM Feltmate, MR Nucci, EM Swisher, H Nguyen, C Yang, R Morizane, BS Kochupurak, KT Do, PA Konstantin, JF Liu, JV Bonventre, UA Matulonis, GI Shapiro, RS Berkowitz, CP Crum, AD D'Andrea
Cancer Discov, 2018;0(0):. -
Cardiosphere-derived cells suppress allogeneic lymphocytes by production of PGE2 acting via the EP4 receptor
LC Dutton, J Dudhia, B Catchpole, H Hodgkiss-G, D Werling, DJ Connolly
Sci Rep, 2018;8(1):13351. -
Autophagy gene ATG7 regulates ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and skin tumorigenesis
L Qiang, A Sample, CR Shea, K Soltani, KF Macleod, YY He
Autophagy, 2017;0(0):0. -
IgE receptor-mediated mast-cell renin release.
Aldi S, Robador P, Tomita K, Di Lorenzo A, Levi R
Am J Pathol, 2014;184(2):376-81. -
Patient derived organoids to model rare prostate cancer phenotypes
L Puca, R Bareja, D Prandi, R Shaw, M Benelli, WR Karthaus, J Hess, M Sigouros, A Donoghue, M Kossai, D Gao, J Cyrta, V Sailer, A Vosoughi, C Pauli, Y Churakova, C Cheung, LD Deonarine, TJ McNary, R Rosati, ST Tagawa, DM Nanus, JM Mosquera, CL Sawyers, Y Chen, G Inghirami, RA Rao, C Grandori, O Elemento, A Sboner, F Demichelis, MA Rubin, H Beltran
Nat Commun, 2018;9(1):2404. -
Classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes.
Coleman et al.
Pharmacol.Rev., 1994;46:205 -
Prostaglandin E2 regulates vertebrate haematopoietic stem cell homeostasis.
North et al.
Nature., 2007;447:1007 -
Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors: multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation.
Hata and Breyer
Pharm.Ther., 2004;103:147 -
Identification of multipotent luminal progenitor cells in human prostate organoid cultures.
Karthaus et al.
Cell, 2014;159:163 -
SnapShot: Growing Organoids from Stem Cells.
Sato et al.
Cell, 2015;161:1700 -
Prostaglandin E2 increases lentiviral vector transduction efficiency of adult human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Heffner et al.
Mol.Ther, 2018;26:320 -
New chimeric TLR7/NOD2 agonist is a potent adjuvant to induce mucosal immune responses
A Gutjahr, L Papagno, F Vernejoul, T Lioux, F Jospin, B Chanut, E Perouzel, N Rochereau, V Appay, B Verrier, S Paul
EBioMedicine, 2020;58(0):102922. -
RSPO3 is important for trabecular bone and fracture risk in mice and humans
KH Nilsson, P Henning, ME Shahawy, M Nethander, TL Andersen, C Ejersted, J Wu, KL Gustafsson, A Koskela, J Tuukkanen, PPC Souza, J Tuckermann, M Lorentzon, LE Ruud, T Lehtimäki, JH Tobias, S Zhou, UH Lerner, JB Richards, S Movérare-S, C Ohlsson
Nature Communications, 2021;12(1):4923. -
Ewing Sarcoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Impair Dendritic Cell Maturation and Function
H Gassmann, K Schneider, V Evdokimova, P Ruzanov, SJ Schober, B Xue, K von Heykin, M Thiede, GHS Richter, MW Pfaffl, E Noessner, LD Stein, PH Sorensen, SEG Burdach, U Thiel
Cells, 2021;10(8):.
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Citations for Prostaglandin E2
The citations listed below are publications that use Tocris products. Selected citations for Prostaglandin E2 include:
20 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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Optimized human intestinal organoid model reveals interleukin-22-dependency of paneth cell formation.
Authors: He Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2022;29:1333
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Snake venom gland organoids.
Authors: Post Et al.
Cell 2020;180:233
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IKKα Kinase Regulates the DNA Damage Response and Drives Chemo-resistance in Cancer.
Authors: Colomer Et al.
Mol Cell 2019;75:669
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A Novel Three-Dimensional Immune Oncology Model for High-Throughput Testing of Tumoricidal Activity.
Authors: Sherman Et al.
Front Immunol 2018;9:857
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Prostaglandin receptor EP3 regulates cell proliferation and migration with impact on survival of endometrial cancer patients.
Authors: Zhu
Oncotarget 2018;9(1):982
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Directed Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Dendritic Cells Displaying Tolerogenic Properties and Resembling the CD141+ Subset.
Authors: Sachamitr Et al.
Front Immunol 2018;8:1935
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Prostaglandin E2 receptor 3 signaling is induced in placentas with unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses.
Authors: Ye Et al.
Endocr Connect 2018;7:749
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Human Fetal-Derived Enterospheres Provide Insights on Intestinal Development and a Novel Model to Study Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC).
Authors: Senger Et al.
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;5:549
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TP63-Mediated Enhancer Reprogramming Drives the Squamous Subtype of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
Authors: Somerville Et al.
Cell Rep 2018;25:1741
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Prostaglandin E2-mediated adenosinergic effects on CD14+ cells: Self-amplifying immunosuppression in cancer.
Authors: Al-Taei Et al.
Oncoimmunology 2017;6:e1268308
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Organoid culture of human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and C4-2B.
Authors: Ma Et al.
Am J Clin Exp Urol 2017;5:25
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Stimulation of the pelvic nerve increases bladder capacity in the prostaglandin E2 rat model of overactive bladder.
Authors: Langdale Et al.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017;313:F657
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Enhancer Reprogramming Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis.
Authors: Roe Et al.
Cell 2017;170:875
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Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue.
Authors: Drost Et al.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;11:347
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Resistance of cyclooxygenase-2 expressing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells against γδ T cell cytotoxicity.
Authors: Gonnermann Et al.
Oncoimmunology 2015;4:e988460
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Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer.
Authors: Boj Et al.
Sci Signal 2015;160:324
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In vitro expansion of human gastric epithelial stem cells and their responses to bacterial infection.
Authors: Bartfeld Et al.
Gastroenterology 2015;148:126
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Preserved genetic diversity in organoids cultured from biopsies of human colorectal cancer metastases.
Authors: Weeber Et al.
Cell 2015;112:13308
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MDMA increases glutamate release and reduces parvalbumin-positive GABAergic cells in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: role of cyclooxygenase.
Authors: Anneken Et al.
Respir Res 2013;8:58
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Astrocytes modulate neural network activity by Ca2+-dependent uptake of extracellular K+.
Authors: Wang Et al.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012;5:ra26
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Prostaglandin E2 supplementation for organoids media is paramount for some organoid model growth and viability.